Ophthalmology
Volume 117, Issue 10 , Pages 1930-1936 , October 2010

Corneal Sensation and Subbasal Nerve Alterations in Patients with Herpes Simplex Keratitis: An In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Study

Presented in part at: Association of Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, April 2007, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; and the Ocular Microbiology and Immunology Group Annual Meeting, November 2007, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Received 8 February 2010 ,Revised 2 July 2010 ,Accepted 8 July 2010.

References 

  1. Liesegang TJ. Herpes simplex virus epidemiology and ocular importance. Cornea. 2001;20:1–13
  2. Liesegang TJ, Melton LJ, Daly PJ, Ilstrup DM. Epidemiology of ocular herpes simplex: incidence in Rochester, Minn, 1950 through 1982. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:1155–1159
  3. Liedtke W, Opalka B, Zimmermann CW, Lignitz E. Age distribution of latent herpes simplex virus 1 and varicella-zoster virus genome in human nervous tissue. J Neurol Sci. 1993;116:6–11
  4. Nishida T, Yanai R. Advances in treatment for neurotrophic keratopathy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2009;20:276–281
  5. Oliveira-Soto L, Efron N. Morphology of corneal nerves using confocal microscopy. Cornea. 2001;20:374–384
  6. Guthoff RF, Wienss H, Hahnel C, Wree A. Epithelial innervation of human cornea: a three-dimensional study using confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Cornea. 2005;24:608–613
  7. Patel DV, McGhee CN. In vivo confocal microscopy of human corneal nerves in health, in ocular and systemic disease, and following corneal surgery: a review. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:853–860
  8. Grupcheva CN, Wong T, Riley AF, McGhee CN. Assessing the sub-basal nerve plexus of the living healthy human cornea by in vivo confocal microscopy. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2002;30:187–190
  9. Patel DV, McGhee CN. Mapping of the normal human corneal sub-basal nerve plexus by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:4485–4488
  10. Patel DV, McGhee CN. Mapping the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus in keratoconus by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:1348–1351
  11. Simo Mannion L, Tromans C, O'Donnell C. An evaluation of corneal nerve morphology and function in moderate keratoconus. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2005;28:185–192
  12. Tuominen IS, Konttinen YT, Vesaluoma MH, et al. Corneal innervation and morphology in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:2545–2549
  13. Benitez del Castillo JM, Wasfy MA, Fernandez C, Garcia-Sanchez J. An in vivo confocal masked study on corneal epithelium and subbasal nerves in patients with dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:3030–3035
  14. Hosal BM, Ornek N, Zilelioglu G, Elhan AH. Morphology of corneal nerves and corneal sensation in dry eye: a preliminary study. Eye (Lond). 2005;19:1276–1279
  15. Niederer RL, Perumal D, Sherwin T, McGhee CN. Corneal innervation and cellular changes after corneal transplantation: an in vivo confocal microscopy study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:621–626
  16. Calvillo MP, McLaren JW, Hodge DO, Bourne WM. Corneal reinnervation after LASIK: prospective 3-year longitudinal study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:3991–3996
  17. Erie JC, McLaren JW, Hodge DO, Bourne WM. Recovery of corneal subbasal nerve density after PRK and LASIK. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:1059–1064
  18. Malik RA, Kallinikos P, Abbott CA, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a non-invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2003;46:683–688
  19. Patel DV, Tavakoli M, Craig JP, et al. Corneal sensitivity and slit scanning in vivo confocal microscopy of the subbasal nerve plexus of the normal central and peripheral human cornea. Cornea. 2009;28:735–740
  20. Benítez-Del-Castillo JM, Acosta MC, Wassfi MA, et al. Relation between corneal innervation with confocal microscopy and corneal sensitivity with noncontact esthesiometry in patients with dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:173–181
  21. Tuisku IS, Konttinen YT, Konttinen LM, Tervo TM. Alterations in corneal sensitivity and nerve morphology in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Exp Eye Res. 2008;86:879–885
  22. Patel DV, Ku JY, Johnson R, McGhee CN. Laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy and quantitative aesthesiometry reveal decreased corneal innervation and sensation in keratoconus. Eye (Lond). 2009;23:586–592
  23. Rosenberg ME, Tervo TM, Immonen IJ, et al. Corneal structure and sensitivity in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:2915–2921
  24. Richter A, Slowik C, Somodi S, Vick HP, Guthoff R. Corneal reinnervation following penetrating keratoplasty—correlation of esthesiometry and confocal microscopy. Ger J Ophthalmol. 1996;5:513–517
  25. Linna TU, Vesaluoma MH, Perez-Santonja JJ, et al. Effect of myopic LASIK on corneal sensitivity and morphology of subbasal nerves. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:393–397
  26. Rosenberg ME, Tervo TM, Müller LJ, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy after herpes keratitis. Cornea. 2002;2:265–269
  27. Martone G, Alegente M, Balestrazzi A, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy in bilateral herpetic keratitis: a case report. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008;18:994–997
  28. Souza PM, Holland EJ, Huang AJ. Bilateral herpetic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:493–496
  29. Wilhelmus KR, Falcon MG, Jones BR. Bilateral herpetic keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65:385–387
  30. Bastian FO, Rabson AS, Yee CL, Tralka TS. Herpesvirus hominus: isolation from human trigeminal ganglion. Science. 1972;178:306–307
  31. Baringer J, Swoveland P. Recovery of herpes-simplex virus from human trigeminal ganglions. N Engl J Med. 1973;288:648–650
  32. Niederer RL, Perumal D, Sherwin T, McGhee CN. Age-related differences in the normal human cornea: a laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:1165–1169
  33. Messaoudi I, Lemaoult J, Guevara-Patino JA, et al. Age-related CD8 T cell clonal expansions constrict CD8 T cell repertoire and have the potential to impair immune defense. J Exp Med. 2004;200:1347–1358
  34. Belmonte C, Acosta MC, Schmelz M, Gallar J. Measurement of corneal sensitivity to mechanical and chemical stimulation with a C02 esthesiometer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:513–519

 Manuscript no. 2010-429.

 Financial Disclosure(s): Supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant nos.: NIH K12-EY016335 and NIH K24-EY019098), Bethesda, Maryland; the New England Corneal Transplant Research Fund, Boston, Massachusetts; and the Falk Medical Research Foundation, Chicago, IIlinois. The funding organizations had no role in the design or conduct of this research.

 The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

PII: S0161-6420(10)00746-3

doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.07.010

Ophthalmology
Volume 117, Issue 10 , Pages 1930-1936 , October 2010